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Patela (čéška) – LÉČENÍ - II. část

16. 10. 2007

 

Dr. Petr Juda pokračuje: ... léčení bolestí čéšky je složité. Vyžaduje v první řadě velkou trpělivost ze strany postiženého sportovce, jeho trenéra, okolí a nakonec i ošetřujícího lékaře. Bolesti se zmírňují i přes poměrně intenzivní léčbu jen velice pozvolna. Mnohdy hlavně kvůli netrpělivosti propadá sportovec zoufalství, že se nevyléčí, že bude mít bolesti stále. Nabývá podezření, že je špatně léčen, mění lékaře, vyhazuje čím dál více peněz za různé masti a léky, o kterých se dozví z lákavých reklam v mediích ... 

Trenér, funkcionáři a nakonec i spoluhráči začnou mít podezření na sportovcovu agravaci (zveličování přítomných příznaků) nebo dokonce na simulaci (účelové vymýšlení si příznaků, které nejsou). Hodně sportovců nakonec v beznaději podstoupí mnohdy i zbytečnou operaci, aby po ní zjistili, že jsou v léčbě opět na počátku. Ze svých zkušeností bych shrnul hlavní zásady do několika oblastí:

1. POSILOVÁNÍ. Základním předpokladem prevence i léčení je mít pevný a dobře vycvičený extensorový aparát kolena. Hlavním extensorem i dynamickým stabilizátorem kolena je čtyřhlavý sval stehenní. A pro patellu má v tomto svalu vedoucí úlohu jeho vnitřní hlava (muscullus vastus medialis). Bříško svalu a jeho úpon na vnitřní stranu čéšky jsou hlavním stabilizátorem patelly v jejím pohybu ve žlábku kosti stehenní. Posilování a tonizace tohoto svalu jsou základem pro léčbu bolestí vzniklých poškozením chrupavky čéšky. Z kinesiologie je známo, že kontrakcí tohoto svalu vzniká pohyb z lehkého ohnutí kolena do plného natažení. Proto veškeré posilovací cviky musí končit plným natažením kolena !!. Jinak je cvičení neúčinné. Samozřejmě při bolesti musí sportovec omezit hlavně tu zátěž, při které se bolest vyvolává. Nemusí tudíž přerušit veškerou sportovní činnost.

2. CHLAZENÍ. Obecně platí, že při zátěži dochází v příslušné části (kloub, sval) k překrvení (hyperemii). Vzniká tak i malý otok. Zde může vzniknou i nevelký zánět, který se projevuje bolestí. Studené obklady nebo ještě lépe přímo led působí právě proti tvorbě otoku. Doporučuje se přikládání ledu na postižené oblasti (v našem případě na čéšku) do 10 -15 minut po zátěži (tréninku nebo utkání).

3. LÉKY. Jedná se o skupinu léků s protizánětlivým účinkem. Jsou běžně dostupné a hojně užívané. Určitě mají svůj význam, neboť potlačují zánět a jeho potlačením snižují bolest.

Léky s protizánětlivým účinkem rozdělujeme na dvě velké oblasti - nesteroidní a steroidní antiflogistika. Nesteroidní jsou ve formě s lokálním (masti, krémy, gely, emulgely..) nebo celkovým užitím (tablety,injekce). Jsou různého složení. Každému pomáhá něco jiného a sám si musí vyzkoušet, co zrovna je na něho účinné (např.diclofenak, ibuprofen, piroxikam, indomethacin, nimesulidum, ketoprofenum apod.). Steroidní protizánětlivé léky se rovněž mohou použít v omezené míře nejčastěji v injekční nitrokloubní formě. Zde je třeba dávat pozor, neboť patří mezi zakázané podpůrné prostředky a tím je jejich užití omezeno. (Podle antidopingové vyhlášky je jejich podávání zakázáno pouze v době konání mistrovských soutěží – ME, MS – viz případ diskvalifikované portorikánské volejbalistky na MS, která užila mast s kortikoidem na ekzém).

4. CHONDROPROTEKTIVA. Jsou to látky, které mají za úkol, zjednodušeně řečeno, chránit a částečně regenerovat kloubní chrupavku. Těmto látkám se přikládá až přemrštěný význam. Jejich účinky nejsou rozhodně takové, o jakých nás informuje reklama, kterou jsou nyní všechna media až přehlcena. Na druhé straně ovšem pomoci mohou. Podstatou těchto látek jsou následující složky - glukosamin, chondroitin a MSM (methylsulfonylmethan). Kombinace těchto tří látek spolu s vitaminem C je základní složka všech chondroprotektiv.

Já osobně doporučuji postupovat takto - vyzkoušet osvědčené chondroprotektivum v tříměsíční kúře eventuelně spolu s nějakým nesteroidním antiflogistikem. Mělo by to být chondroprotektivum, které vyrábí farmaceutická firma a ne potravinářská zabývající se doplňkovou výživou. Tuto kúru je vhodné podstoupit pouze pokud jsou bolesti. Jestliže bude úleva a ústup potíží (nemusí být zcela vymizení bolesti), potom tento postup opakovat 2x do roka. Pokud se nic nezmění a bolesti jsou stejné, potom je možné ještě jednou změnit druh chondroprotektiva. A pokud ani potom nedojde k úlevě, již další neužívat a tuto léčbu již neprovádět. Pokračování je spíš jen vyhazování poměrně velkých prostředků za neúčinnou léčbu. Buď jsou změny již takové, že tyto látky ani nemohou být účinné, nebo zkrátka na daného sportovce nepůsobí.

5. FYZIKÁLNÍ LÉČBA. Jako doplňková léčba může mít výborný efekt. Zkušenosti jsou hlavně s ultrazvukem, laserem, elektrostimulací m. vastus medialis (vnitřní hlavy čtyřhlavého svalu). Opět jednotný recept neexistuje a je třeba vyzkoušet, co a jak na daného volejbalistu působí.

6. OPERACE. Operace by měla být až po neúspěchu konzervativní léčby („po dobrém“). Druhů operací je hodně k různým typům poruch a pokud by mělo k ní dojít, měl by sportovec být o všem dobře informován a měl by mít alespoň základní znalosti v problematice léčení postižené patelární chrupavky. Jinak může být efektem operace zklamán, protože očekává něco, co mnohdy zajistit ani v nejlepším nejde.

Závěrem. Snažil jsem se nastínit alespoň základní principy léčby potíží z poškození chrupavky kloubu mezi čéškou a stehenní kosti. Léčba tzv.skokanského kolena (postižení jednotlivých vláken vlastního vazu čéšky) má některé odlišnosti od léčby chrupavky. O tom zase příště.

                                                                              Petr Juda

 

- převzato z webu Zdeňka Haníka (www.hanikvoleyball.cz) -

 

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